You got it all wrong, man! Raju uses Perl when he needs to calculate Hmm... don't you know that God wrote in Lisp? This is what Raju should do. ;;; quick and dirty Scheme code ;;; untested... (define (sum n) (cond ((eq? 0 n) 0) (else (+ n (sum n-1))))) -- Ramakrishnan http://www.hackGNU.org/